Guinea pigs are great pets, but like all animals they can develop health issues. There are some conditions and diseases that guinea pigs are more common in guinea pigs such as vitamin C deficiency. But, these can be hard to spot as guinea pigs are great at hiding illnesses.
As their owner you can keep an eye out for signs of illness such as changes in your guinea pigs weight, behaviour, and eating habits. By spotting the signs early on, you can seek proper treatment and ensure your furry friend enjoys a long, active life.
To help you understand what the signs of these common diseases and health conditions in guinea pigs, we’ve put together this guide.
If you ever suspect your guinea pig is unwell, please contact a vet asap. As guinea pigs are so good at hiding illnesses, your piggy might already be quite sick when you notice.
Table of Contents
1) Vitamin C Deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency is a serious issue for guinea pigs. Unlike many animals, they cannot produce their own vitamin C. This means you must provide it through their diet.
When guinea pigs lack enough vitamin C, they can develop scurvy. Symptoms of scurvy include a rough coat, swollen gums, and delayed wound healing. You may also notice your guinea pig being less active or having difficulty moving.
A healthy diet for your guinea pig should be 80% hay, and also include fresh fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C. Bell peppers, kale, and strawberries are great options. Avoid processed foods and never give cooked vegetables.
You can also give your guinea pig some vitamin C treats, such as the Oxbow vitamin C treats.
If you suspect your guinea pig has a vitamin C deficiency, it’s important to act quickly. A vet can provide guidance on the best dietary changes. They may also recommend supplements if needed.
Most guinea pigs can recover well from vitamin C deficiency with proper care. Yet, if dental issues arise from the deficiency, these can be long-lasting. Regular check-ups with your vet can help catch any problems early.
Keeping your guinea pig healthy and happy means paying attention to their diet. Ensuring they get enough vitamin C is one way to ensure you have a healthy guinea pig. Making small changes can lead to a healthier life for your furry friend.
2) Overgrown Teeth
Overgrown teeth are a common dental issue in guinea pigs. This problem often happens when they do not have a proper diet or enough things to chew on.
Guinea pigs need hay and fresh vegetables to keep their teeth healthy. If their diet lacks these, their teeth can grow too long. You may also notice your guinea pig isn’t eating well. This can lead to overgrown teeth as well.
Genetics can also play a part in this issue. Some guinea pigs may be born with teeth that grow improperly, leading to misalignment. If you notice your guinea pig has trouble chewing or is drooling, it might be time to check their teeth.
Regular dental care is important. You can help by providing plenty of hay and chew toys to help wear down their teeth. If the problem gets worse, a vet visit may be necessary.
Your vet can evaluate the situation and may perform dental work if needed. Sometimes, surgery is the best option to fix severe cases of overgrown teeth. Keeping an eye on your guinea pig’s dental health can prevent bigger issues down the line.
By watching their diet and behavior, you can help keep their teeth in good shape.
3) Respiratory Infections
Respiratory infections are a common issue for guinea pigs. Their delicate lungs can easily be affected by various factors. These factors include poor ventilation and damp bedding.
You should watch for signs of respiratory problems. Sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing are key symptoms to notice. If you see these signs, it’s important to act quickly.
Stress from being around sick animals can also lead to respiratory infections. Make sure your guinea pig’s environment is safe and clean to prevent issues in guinea pigs. Avoid scented cleaning products or dusty bedding, as they can irritate their airways.
Bacteria like Bordetella and Streptococcus can cause bacterial infections. Sometimes, the infection may lead to other issues, such as conjunctivitis, which shows up as red or watery eyes.
Regular check-ups with a vet can help keep your guinea pig healthy. If your pet is showing signs of an infection, your vet may suggest antibiotics for treatment.
Always keep an eye on your pet’s behavior and breathing. If you notice any issues, make sure to respond quickly as this can ensure you’ll avoid any further more complicated problems in guinea pigs that you own. By staying informed and proactive, you can help your guinea pig stay safe and healthy.
4) Pneumonia
Pneumonia in guinea pigs is a serious respiratory infection, often caused by bacteria like Bordetella or Streptococcus. It can progress quickly, especially in guinea pigs with weakened immune systems or those exposed to stress, poor ventilation, or cold and damp environments. If not treated quickly, pneumonia can be life-threatening.
Common symptoms of pneumonia include:
- Labored or rapid breathing
- Lethargy and weakness
- Loss of appetite
- Nasal discharge
- Coughing or wheezing
If your guinea pig is showing signs of pneumonia, you should isolate them from their cage mates and contact a vet and get them to check your guinea pig. We also recommend taking in all your other guinea pigs as well as respiratory diseases can spread quickly and guinea pigs are great at hiding illnesses.
Treatment typically involves antibiotics, along with supportive care to keep your guinea pig warm and hydrated.
To prevent pneumonia, maintain a clean, dry habitat and reduce stress factors in your guinea pig’s environment.
5) Diarrhea
Dirrhea is another common health problem for guinea pigs.
One main cause of diarrhea is diet. A sudden change in what your guinea pig eats can upset their sensitive stomach. Be careful when introducing new foods. Always do it gradually to prevent digestive problems.
Stress can also lead to diarrhea. Make sure your guinea pig feels safe in their environment. Avoid loud noises and sudden changes around their cage.
If your guinea pig’s feces is semi-formed or softer than usual, you might need to adjust their diet. Withholding greens for a short time and offering more hay can help firm up their stools.
Keep an eye on your pet’s hydration. Diarrhea can cause them to lose fluids. Ensure they have fresh water available at all times to stay healthy.
If diarrhea lasts more than a day or is very severe, you should consult a vet. This can help rule out serious health issues like infections or dental problems. Your guinea pig’s health is important, so don’t wait too long to seek help.
6) Scurvy
Scurvy is a health issue in guinea pigs caused by a lack of vitamin C. Unlike some animals, guinea pigs cannot produce this vitamin on their own. They need to get it through their diet.
When a guinea pig does not get enough vitamin C, they can develop symptoms like weakness, lethargy, and swollen joints. You might also notice that your guinea pig has rough fur or is losing weight.
Preventing scurvy is important. Make sure to feed your guinea pig a diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables that contain vitamin C. Foods like bell peppers, kale, and oranges are great choices.
If you suspect your guinea pig has scurvy, consult a veterinarian. They may recommend a vitamin C supplement to help restore your pet’s health. Adjusting your guinea pig’s diet can prevent the disease from happening again.
Regular check-ups with a vet can also help catch any health issues early. Knowing the signs and providing proper care is key to keeping your guinea pig healthy and happy.
7) Bumblefoot
Bumblefoot, or pododermatitis, is a common bacterial infection that is seen in guinea pigs. It causes inflammation and infection in their feet. If not treated, it can lead to serious discomfort for your pet.
The main cause of bumblefoot is walking on hard or rough surfaces. Surfaces like wire cages or tiles can hurt their feet. This condition can be made worse if your guinea pig is overweight or has arthritis.
You might notice signs like swelling, red sores, or lesions on their feet. Your guinea pig may seem uncomfortable when walking. It’s important to act quickly if you see these symptoms.
To help prevent bumblefoot, create a smoother living space. Replace rough flooring with softer materials. Use bedding that is easy on their paws.
If your guinea pig develops bumblefoot, please take them to a vet. A vet can give treatments options like antifungals or antibiotics.
8) Mites and Lice
Mites and lice are common pests that can affect guinea pigs. Both can cause skin problems, itching and discomfort for your pet.
Mites often lead to intense itching. You may notice your guinea pig scratching or biting at its skin. If left untreated, this can result in raw patches that may become infected. Guinea pigs are susceptible to other infections, so treating mites/lites can help decrease the risk of bacteria getting into the wounds.
Lice can also be an issue. Like mites, they cause itching, but may also lead to visible signs like small white eggs stuck to fur. Regular grooming can help you spot these problems early.
Good hygiene is key to preventing infestations. Make sure your guinea pig’s living area is clean and dry. Regularly changing bedding will help reduce the risk of mites and lice.
Treatment options include medicated shampoos and topical treatments like ivermectin. Sometimes, herbal remedies can also help. Always consult a vet first, and you should only shampoo your guinea pig if you really must as baths stress your piggy out, as they hate going in water.
9) Ringworm
Ringworm is a common fungal infection that affects guinea pigs, causing discomfort and visible skin problems. Did you know that despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm but by a fungus called dermatophytes? This infection is contagious and can spread to other pets and even us humans quite quickly.
Guinea pigs are at risk of ringroom if their living area is not clean, they are stressed, or their immune system is weakened. Young guinea pigs or those living in crowded conditions such as in breeding mills are at higher risk of developing the infection.
Ringworm is a common issue in guinea pigs that were purchased from a pet store, as they have been breed and raised in over crowded conditions. They’re not always the best cared for in terms of cages being cleaned, diet requirements being met etc as well. If possible, please find a local rescue and adopt a guinea pig.
The most common signs of ringworm include:
- Hair loss: Patches of missing fur, usually starting around the face, ears, and front legs.
- Dry, scaly skin: The affected areas often have red, inflamed, or flaky skin, sometimes with a ring-like appearance.
- Itchiness: Your guinea pig may scratch or bite at the affected areas, although not all guinea pigs experience itching with ringworm.
- Crusty lesions: In severe cases, the infected skin may become crusty or develop sores.
If you suspect your guinea pig has ringworm, it’s important to separate them from other pets to prevent the infection from spreading. You should also wear gloves when handling them, to avoid contracting ringworm from them.
Make sure to contact your vet if you notice signs of ringworm, and they can give you medication to treat it.
10) Dry Skin
Dry skin is a common issue in guinea pigs and can lead to discomfort if not addressed. While it might not seem as serious as other problems your piggy might get, as it can signal underlying issues, diseases or environmental factors that need attention.
Common signs of dry skin include:
- Flakiness: You may notice small flakes of skin on your guinea pig’s fur or in their bedding.
- Itching: Dry skin can cause mild to moderate itchiness, though excessive scratching might indicate other issues like mites or allergies.
- Red or irritated skin: Prolonged dryness can lead to inflamed, red areas, especially if your guinea pig scratches frequently.
Causes of dry skin in guinea pigs:
- Low humidity: Guinea pigs thrive in environments with moderate humidity. If the air is too dry, especially in winter or in homes with heating systems, your guinea pig’s skin can lose moisture, leading to flakiness and irritation.
- Poor diet: A diet lacking in essential nutrients, particularly vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids, can affect skin health. Vitamin C is critical for skin and immune system health, while omega-3 fatty acids help maintain healthy skin.
- Allergies: Some guinea pigs may develop dry, irritated skin due to allergic reactions, often caused by certain types of bedding (like pine or cedar shavings) or cleaning products.
- Parasites: Although dry skin can sometimes be a standalone issue, mites or lice can also cause flaky, irritated skin. If dry skin is accompanied by intense scratching, it’s important to rule out parasitic infections.
- Fungal infections: Ringworm or other fungal infections can cause patches of dry, flaky skin, often appearing as scaly spots.
Treating dry skin involves addressing both the symptoms and the underlying causes. Here are some steps to take:
- Improve humidity: If the air in your home is particularly dry, consider using a humidifier in the room where your guinea pig lives. This can help restore moisture to their skin.
- Dietary adjustments: Ensure your guinea pig is receiving enough vitamin C and omega-3 fatty acids. You can supplement their diet with foods rich in vitamin C (like bell peppers, kale, or spinach) and small amounts of omega-3 fatty acids through flaxseeds or a vet-approved supplement.
- Change bedding: Switch to hypoallergenic bedding like paper-based products if you suspect that allergies might be causing dry skin. Avoid wood shavings like cedar or pine, which can be too harsh on your guinea pig’s skin.
- Topical treatments: In some cases, your vet may recommend a topical treatment that can help their skin, such as organic coconut oil.
11) Ovarian Cysts and Uterine Tumors
Female guinea pigs (also known as sows), are prone to get issues with their ovaries especially as they get older. One of the most common problems sows face is ovarian cysts.
These fluid-filled sacs form on their ovaries and can cause symptoms such as:
- hair loss (usually on the sides)
- hormonal changes
- more aggressive behavior.
- In some cases, sows may also experience weight loss or discomfort because of the cysts.
Another issue that can affect older sows is uterine tumors. While less common than ovarian cysts, these tumors can be serious.
Symptoms of uterine tumors in female guinea pigs includes:
- vaginal bleeding
- swelling
- changes in appetite or activity
Both conditions often need veterinary attention, and spaying can be a preventive option to keep your guinea pig healthy. But just be aware that spaying does carry risks and there are mixed opinions on whether it’s a safe enough procedure to use it as a preveantive measure.
If you notice any of the symptons we mentioned above, please contact a vet as soon as possible.
12) Bloating
Bloating is one of the more serious guinea pig health problems that can happen quite quickly. It occurs when gas builds up in their digestive system, and as guinea pigs can’t pass gas it doesn’t escape. This can be very uncomfortable for your piggy.
Bloating can be caused by various factors. These include eating too quickly, consuming the wrong foods, or having dental problems.
Signs of bloating include:
- A swollen belly
- Loss of appetite
- Lethargy
- Dehydration/not drinking
If you notice these signs, it’s crucial to contact your vet as quickly as you can. Bloating can quickly become life-threatening for guinea pigs. Guinea pigs cannot pass gas, so they need help if they become bloated. Never try to treat bloating at home without professional guidance.
There are ways you can help prevent bloat from happening such as:
- Feed your guinea pig a proper diet whilst avoiding foods that cause bloat.
- Avoid sudden changes in their food.
- Make sure they have constant access to fresh hay.
- Keep an eye on their teeth, as bad teeth can lead to poor chewing which then causes digestive issues.
But sometimes, guinea pigs can become bloated even if you try to minimise the risks. If you notice bloat, please contact your vet ASAP as your guinea pig will need medication to reduce the gas build up and the vet can help remove the gas.
13) Impactation
Impaction occurs when fecal matter becomes stuck in the guinea pigs digestive system, which is really dangouers and painful for your piggy.
Always keep an eye out for signs your guinea pig is having issues pooping, and if you notice any prolems contact your vet quickly.
These are some of the symptoms of impactation in guinea pigs:
- Hard, dry poop stuck to their bottom
- Trouble pooping or no poop at all
- Swollen or puffy bottom area
- Less active than usual
- Not wanting to eat
- Sitting hunched over
- Crying or squeaking when trying to poop
- Messy, dirty fur around their bottom
- Bad smell coming from their rear end
- Dragging their bottom on the ground
- Losing weight
- Tummy feels hard when touched
- Seems uncomfortable or in pain
There are ways to prevent your guinea pig becoming impacted such as:
- Feed lots of hay – hay should make up 80% of their diet
- Feed them fresh veggies every day
- Make sure they always have fresh, clean water
- Give them a big cage with room to run and play
- Let them exercise outside the cage every day
- Keep their cage clean, especially the bathroom areas
- Brush long-haired guinea pigs often to avoid hair becoming tangled around their bottom
- Trim the fur around their bottom if it’s long
- Don’t give too many treats – just a few now and then
- Check their teeth regularly – bad teeth can lead to a sick guinea pig
- Weigh them often to make sure they’re not getting too fat
- Don’t make sudden changes to their food or home
- Gently clean their bottom if it gets dirty
- Take them to the vet for check-ups, even when they seem fine
If you suspect your guinea pig has impaction, don’t try to treat it at home. Contact your vet immediately. They may need to manually remove the impacted feces.
After treatment, monitor your guinea pig closely. Make sure they start eating and passing stools normally. Your vet may suggest follow-up appointments to ensure full recovery.
14) Ear Infections
Guinea pigs can develop ear infections, just like us humans. It’s painful, and can cause your guinea pig to be distressed. If your guinea pig has an ear infection, they’ll need a trip to the vets and will usually be given antibiotics.
Here’s a list of signs of ear infections to watch out for:
- Scratching their ears a lot
- Shaking their head often
- Tilting their head to one side
- Crusty or gunky stuff in their ears
- Red or swollen ears
- Walking in circles or seeming dizzy
- Not wanting to eat as much as usual
Common Symptoms of Health Issues
Being aware of your guinea pig’s behavior and physical condition is key to spotting health issues early. Guinea pigs are prey animals, and are really good at hiding their health issues. So looking for signs their behaviour has changed, or they’re eating less etc can help you spot illness early on.
Behavioral Changes
Pay attention to any changes in your guinea pig’s behavior. A sudden shift, such as becoming less active or hiding more than usual, can indicate health problems.
Signs to Watch For:
- Decreased Appetite: If your guinea pig is eating less or ignoring their favorite foods, this could signal an issue.
- Lethargy: If they are less playful or spend most of the time sleeping or resting, something might be wrong.
- Aggression or Anxiety: An unusually aggressive or anxious pet may be in pain or discomfort.
Observe these changes closely. Early detection can help prevent more serious health issues.
Physical changes
Physical symptoms can provide clear signs of potential health problems in your guinea pig. Look closely at their appearance and habits.
Common Physical Symptoms:
- Nasal Discharge: This can indicate a respiratory infection, which is common in guinea pigs.
- Abnormal Breathing: If you notice wheezing or labored breathing, it is essential to consult a vet.
- Weight Loss: Regularly weigh your guinea pig. Sudden weight loss can be a sign of illness.
- Diarrhea or Soft Stools: Watch for changes in bowel movements. Diarrhea may indicate gastrointestinal issues.
Being observant and acting on these signs can greatly improve your guinea pig’s health and well-being.
How to Avoid health issues in Guinea Pigs
Taking care of your guinea pig involves more than just a comfy cage and some treats. Focus on providing a proper diet and a clean living environment to help keep your pet healthy and happy.
Proper Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet is essential for your guinea pig’s health. They need fresh hay daily, as it provides the fiber necessary for good digestion. Timothy hay is a popular choice, but you can also include other types like orchard grass.
Add fresh vegetables to their diet. Things like bell peppers, kale, and cilantro are excellent options. Ensure you introduce new foods slowly to avoid stomach issues.
Do not forget about vitamin C! Guinea pigs cannot make this vitamin on their own. Include vitamin C-rich foods, or consider supplements if needed.
Clean Living Environment
Keeping your guinea pig’s living area clean is crucial for preventing illness. Regularly change their bedding and clean the cage to reduce odors and bacteria. Aim to spot clean daily and do a full clean weekly.
Check their water bottle regularly to ensure it’s filled with fresh, clean water. A clean drinking area helps promote hydration.
Always remove any uneaten food promptly to avoid mold and pests. By maintaining a tidy environment, you promote a healthier lifestyle for your pet.
Regular Veterinary Check-ups
Regular vet visits are essential to monitor your guinea pig’s health. Even if your guinea pig appears healthy, annual check-ups with an exotic animal vet can help detect early signs of illness or underlying conditions.
This is especially important as guinea pigs tend to hide symptoms of sickness. A vet can also advise on preventative measures like spaying or neutering, which can reduce the risk of reproductive health issues, particularly in female guinea pigs.
Exercise and Enrichment
Providing your guinea pig with plenty of opportunities to exercise is key to their physical and mental well-being. Make sure they have enough space to run around, and offer tunnels, ramps, or toys to encourage exploration and movement.
Regular playtime outside of the cage in a safe environment can also help prevent obesity and boredom-related behavior issues. Mental stimulation is just as important as physical activity, so offer chew toys and activities that challenge your pet’s mind.
Grooming and Nail Care
Guinea pigs need regular grooming to stay healthy, especially if they have long hair. Brush them frequently to prevent mats and tangles, which can trap dirt and bacteria.
Trimming their nails is also necessary to prevent overgrowth, which can lead to discomfort or injury. Regular grooming sessions are a good way to check for lumps, bumps, or other signs of illness early on.
I hope this guide helped. Remember if you suspect your piggy is unwell, contact a vet. It’s better to check, as many of these common issues can be easily resolved and prevented from happening again. If you cannot afford the vet bills, please speak to your vet about a payment plan.
